East Asia Program Lecture Series presents "Convict Politics: Innocent Convicts and Unlawful Commoners in Early Chinese Empires (221 BCE-23 CE)"

Speaker: Liang Cai, Ruth and Paul Idzik Associate Professor in Digital Scholarship of History, University of Notre Dame

Description:

This talk, based on newly mined data from newly unearthed manuscripts and traditional sources, explores convict politics in the early Chinese empires. Whereas a substantial number of bureaucratic personnel were convict laborers, assisting local officials, the central court reemployed numerous previously convicted individuals as high officials. The book argues that convict politics emerged because the mutual responsibility system and high-performance-oriented law extensively criminalized people, including the innocent. Paradoxically, the Western Han dynasty’s stringent criminalization of individuals was juxtaposed with redemption policies and frequent amnesties that excessively exonerated offenders, even the most heinous. The intellectual roots underpinning the harsh laws and the universal amnesties fundamentally embraced the same utopian ideal of a crime-free society. Although this dual practice of extensive criminalization and widespread pardoning fostered the population’s tolerance towards the political system, these practices were fraught with injustice and led to form Confucian deep-seated skepticism towards the law in Chinese tradition.

Speaker's Bio:

Dr. Liang Cai received her Ph.D. from Cornell University and currently serves as an associate professor of history at the University of Notre Dame. She specializes in Chinese political and intellectual history, with a focus on the Qin-Han dynasties (221 BCE - 23 CE). Dr. Cai's publications cover topics such as Confucianism, bureaucracy, law, social networks, and archaeologically excavated manuscripts. She has also collaborated with computer scientists on a digital humanities project aimed at creating structured biographical data and conducting social network analysis of early Chinese empires, particularly those in the Qin-Han period, which is considered the fountainhead of Chinese civilization.
Dr. Cai’s first book Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire contests long-standing claims that Confucianism came to prominence with the promotion of Emperor Wu in the Han dynasty. She argues that it was a witchcraft scandal in 91–87 BCE that created a political vacuum and permitted Confucians to rise to power, ultimately transforming China into a Confucian regime. Her book won the 2014 Academic Award for Excellence presented by Chinese Historians in the United States and was a finalist for the 2015 Best First Book in the History of Religions presented by the American Academy of Religion.
Her other selected publications appear in The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, the Journal of Asian studies and Law and History Review.
Dr. Cai’s second book, Convict Politics: From Utopia to Serfdom in Early China (221 BCE–23 CE) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), is scheduled for release in December 2025. This book seeks to stimulate deeper reflection on utopian thought and its perilous application in political practice.

About East Asia Program

As Cornell’s hub for research, teaching, and engagement with East Asia, the East Asia Program (EAP) serves as a forum for the interdisciplinary study of historical and contemporary East Asia. The program draws its membership of over 45 core faculty and numerous affiliated faculty, graduate, and undergraduate students from eight of Cornell’s 12 schools and colleges.