This panel brought together scholars who provided new perspectives on the material and moral reparations of the postcolonial, post-Nazi and post-communist eras in Germany, as well as the significance of these restitutions in serving as models for transitional justice and international law. It explored both material and moral reparations, such as return and restitution of property that had been confiscated, monetary payments as compensation, and educational steps to take accountability for the past. The panel not only acknowledged these reparations to ex-citizens and refugees, but also questioned the limits of established formulas and the lack or inequality of restitutions throughout the history of today’s Germany.