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Einaudi Center for International Studies

How COVID Changed Latin America

Woman wearing mask behind chainlink fence
April 9, 2025

Gustavo Flores-Macías in World in Focus

Gustavo Flores-Macías (LACS) coauthored a Journal of Democracy article that looks at examples from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, and Peru to explore why some political systems fared better.

“The emergency left room for political agency and the framing of innovative solutions to governance challenges. While the pandemic did see increases in political corruption, opportunism among leaders, human-rights abuses, militarization, and economic hardship, there has also been an upside.”

COVID-19 was a stress test for democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to the January article. 

Pandemic death tolls and socioeconomic effects in the region were among the worst in the world. Measures adopted to contain the virus gave corrupt leaders cover to consolidate power—with power grabs, militarization, human rights abuses, and pandemic denial documented across the region. 

The effects were not uniformly negative, however, the article argues: “The pandemic also prompted renewed economic crisis management, social mobilization, and local checks to central power.”

Successful national and local responses to the pandemic offer some hopeful evidence of democratic resilience. Protests became more common and influential during the pandemic as “voters and social movements mobilized to protect human rights and contest inequitable reforms.” New openings for political challengers will shape the coming decade of governance in the region, the article predicts.

“The COVID pandemic's effects are still putting strain on democracy and governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. The closing of civic space and the rise of corruption, citizen insecurity, political discontent, and populist power grabs are ongoing trends,” Flores-Macías and his coauthors conclude. “Yet pandemic-era repression and backsliding could have been worse, which suggests that democratic systems and norms in Latin American may be stronger than many thought.”

Gustavo Flores-Macías is a steering committee member and past director of Einaudi's Latin American and Caribbean Studies Program. He is a professor in the College of Arts and Sciences and Cornell Brooks School of Public Policy.

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To participate in the seminar, please read this article.

About the East Asia Program

As Cornell’s hub for research, teaching, and engagement with East Asia, the East Asia Program (EAP) is a forum for the interdisciplinary study of historical and contemporary East Asia. Part of the Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies, the program draws its membership of over 45 core faculty and numerous affiliated faculty, graduate, and undergraduate students from across Cornell's colleges and schools.

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Einaudi Center for International Studies

East Asia Program

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Join experts Dr. Nancy Okail and Dr. Erin Snider for a conversation on the politics of democracy and development assistance, foreign aid, and U.S. foreign policy.

Nancy Okail is President and CEO of the Center for International Policy (CIP) based in Washington DC. Dr. Okail is a leading scholar, policy analyst, and advocate with 25 years of experience working on issues of human rights, democracy, and security in the Middle East and North Africa region. She previously served as a visiting scholar at the Center for Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) at Stanford University, and as Executive Director of the Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy (TIMEP), which under her leadership became an internationally renowned policy research organization.

Erin Snider is a senior advisor and researcher for USG projects on democratic erosion and openings. She has served as a professor at Texas A&M University’s Bush School of Government and Public Service and a Carnegie Fellow with New America. Her research focuses on questions of power in the provision of aid and understanding the role of international actors in promoting reform in authoritarian states. Recent publications include Marketing Democracy: The Political Economy of Democracy Assistance in the Middle East (Cambridge University Press 2022), which asks why democracy aid efforts have failed in the Middle East despite billions allocated for its promotion and explains how democracy aid may work to reinforce, rather than challenge authoritarian regimes. It also explains why particular ideas about democracy prevail over others in democracy aid programs, to the detriment of civil society in recipient countries.

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