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Einaudi Center for International Studies

Islamic Law, Western European Law and the Roots of Middle East’s Long Divergence: A Millennial Comparative Empirical Investigation (800-1800)

Hans-Bernd Schäfer headshot

Author: Hans-Bernd Schaefer and Rok Spruk

This paper investigates whether differences in legal institutions contributed to the Middle East's long-term economic decline relative to Western Europe. Using historical population data from 145 Islamic cities and 648 European cities (800–1800) as a proxy for economic development, the authors analyze the relationship between legal education institutions (madrasas in the Islamic world and universities with law schools in Europe) and urban growth.

Paper

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Type

  • Paper

  • CRADLE Law and Economics Papers

Publication Details

Publication Year: 2026

Authoritarianism and Legitimacy in Afghanistan: The Case Study of Taliban 2.0

October 5, 2026

12:15 pm

Uris Hall, G08

Talk by Sharif Hozoori (Government, Cornell University)

Legitimacy is essential for all political regimes, whether democratic or authoritarian. This has been true for various authoritarian regimes throughout Afghanistan’s modern history and for the current Taliban regime as well. In this study, I focus on Afghanistan and the Taliban as a case study to examine how the group constructs its legitimacy.

The paper begins by outlining the theoretical framework, followed by a historical review of political legitimacy in Afghanistan. It then examines whether the Taliban regime is authoritarian, analyzes its strategy for constructing legitimacy, and explores the challenges facing its legitimation process. Finally, the paper concludes with key findings.

Sharif Hozoori holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from the Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament (CIPOD), School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Before the Taliban’s return to power in 2021, he served as a professor of International Relations, teaching undergraduate and graduate students in Afghanistan. He is currently a Visiting Lecturer in the Department of Government at Cornell University. His research focuses on the politics of Central Asia, Afghanistan’s domestic politics and foreign policy, and identity politics.

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Program

Einaudi Center for International Studies

South Asia Program

Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies

Information Session: Global Internships

December 3, 2026

4:30 pm

Uris Hall, G08

Go global in summer 2027! Global Internships give you valuable international work experience in fields spanning global development, climate and sustainability, international relations, communication, business, governance, and more.

Applications are open now.

Can’t attend? Contact programs@einaudi.cornell.edu.

***

The Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies hosts info sessions for graduate and for undergraduate students to learn more about funding opportunities, international travel, research, and internships. View the full calendar of fall semester sessions.

Additional Information

Program

Einaudi Center for International Studies

Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies

East Asia Program

Southeast Asia Program

Latin American and Caribbean Studies

Institute for African Development

Institute for European Studies

South Asia Program

Migrations Program

Southwest Asia and North Africa Program

Information Session: Global Internships

November 12, 2026

4:30 pm

Uris Hall, G08

Go global in summer 2027! Global Internships give you valuable international work experience in fields spanning global development, climate and sustainability, international relations, communication, business, governance, and more.

Applications are open now.

Can’t attend? Contact programs@einaudi.cornell.edu.

***

The Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies hosts info sessions for graduate and for undergraduate students to learn more about funding opportunities, international travel, research, and internships. View the full calendar of fall semester sessions.

Additional Information

Program

Einaudi Center for International Studies

Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies

East Asia Program

Southeast Asia Program

Latin American and Caribbean Studies

Institute for African Development

Institute for European Studies

South Asia Program

Migrations Program

Southwest Asia and North Africa Program

Information Session: Global Internships

November 2, 2026

12:00 pm

Go global in summer 2027! Global Internships give you valuable international work experience in fields spanning global development, climate and sustainability, international relations, communication, business, governance, and more.

Applications are open now.

Can’t attend? Contact programs@einaudi.cornell.edu.

***

The Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies hosts info sessions for graduate and for undergraduate students to learn more about funding opportunities, international travel, research, and internships. View the full calendar of fall semester sessions.

Additional Information

Program

Einaudi Center for International Studies

Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies

East Asia Program

Southeast Asia Program

Latin American and Caribbean Studies

Institute for African Development

Institute for European Studies

South Asia Program

Migrations Program

Southwest Asia and North Africa Program

Information Session: Institute for African Development & Latin American and Caribbean Studies

October 22, 2026

4:00 pm

Uris Hall, G08

Join us on for an informative and engaging info session to learn more about the Institute for African Development and the Latin American and Caribbean Studies programs. This session will provide an overview of academic offerings, events, faculty expertise, research opportunities, and other student support services.

Can’t attend? Contact iad@einaudi.cornell.edu or lacs@einaudi.cornell.edu to learn more.

***

The Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies hosts info sessions for graduate and for undergraduate students to learn more about funding opportunities, international travel, research, and internships. View the full calendar of fall semester sessions.

Additional Information

Program

Einaudi Center for International Studies

Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies

East Asia Program

Southeast Asia Program

Latin American and Caribbean Studies

Institute for African Development

Institute for European Studies

Migrations Program

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