Book launch with a panel discussion
Sabrina Karim, Cornell University, will give a brief presentation of her book Positioning Women in Conflict Studies: How Women’s Status Affects Political Violence (Oxford University Press 2024), followed by a discussion with gender and conflict experts Summer Lindsey, Rutgers University, and Kanisha Bond, Binghamton University (SUNY).

About the Book
Authored by Dr. Sabrina Karim and Dr. Daniel Hill Jr., the book Positioning Women in Conflict Studies: How Women’s Status Affects Political Violence (Oxford University Press 2024), explores how the conflation of “gender equality” with “women” has inhibited progress on understanding how variation in women’s status in countries affects levels of political violence.

The second half of the book then delves into the pathways through which different aspects of women’s status—women’s inclusion, women’s rights, harm to women, and beliefs about women’s roles—affects levels of political violence globally.

About the Speaker
Dr. Sabrina Karim is an associate professor in the government department. Her research focuses on conflict and peace processes, particularly state building in the aftermath of civil war. Specifically, she studies international involvement in security assistance to post-conflict states, gender reforms in peacekeeping and domestic security sectors, and the relationship between gender and violence. She directs the Gender and the Security Sector Lab.

Panelists
Dr. Summer Lindsey is an assistant professor of political science at Rutgers University. Her research focuses on the enduring implications of armed conflict for women’s security. Her work combines experimental approaches with quantitative and qualitative observational work to understand when and how social norms related to violence against women change.

Dr. Kanisha Bond is an Assistant Professor of Political Science. Her work orbits one central research question: How do organization and identity influence the dynamics of political challenges in polarized societies? She uses quantitative and qualitative methods to examine specifically mobilization and institution-building among radical socio-political groups around the world, particularly in North America, Latin America, and Africa.

Co-Hosts
Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies
Gender and the Security Sector Lab

Co-Sponsors
Department of Government
Feminist, Gender & Sexuality Studies

Can a state exist without a military in an increasingly divided and heavily militarized world? The answer is “yes.”

Twenty-one sovereign countries – one-ninth of the United Nations’ roster – do not maintain standing armies. Many of them are small island states in the Caribbean and the South Pacific and the majority chose not to create armed forces upon attaining independence. Demilitarization, the act of abolishing an extant army, occurs much more infrequently, because it clashes with the interests of powerful organizations, especially the armed forces themselves. Some European mini states – Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco – scrapped their armies centuries ago. But two Central American countries, Costa Rica and Panama, and two small Caribbean Island nations, Dominica and Grenada, dispensed with their militaries after World War II.

Armyless states share some important commonalities: (1) the decision to demilitarize or not to have an army always follows a pivotal moment (military coup, foreign invasion, reaching independence) in history; (2) they have bilateral security arrangements and/or an alliance with a regional hegemon; (3) they have not been attacked or invaded; (4) they maintain public safety and border security organizations; (5) they are consolidated democracies; and (6) they are more prosperous and spend more on healthcare, education, and socioeconomic development than their neighbors with armed forces. While States without Armies engages all twenty-one demilitarized states, it focuses on the experiences of Costa Rica, Iceland, Mauritius, Panama, and the Solomon Islands.

About the Speaker
Zoltan Barany is the Frank C. Erwin Professor of Government at the University of Texas where he has been a faculty member since 1991. He is a student of military politics and sociology and the author of Armies of Arabia: Military Politics and Effectiveness in the Gulf (Oxford, 2021), How Armies Respond to Revolutions and Why (Princeton, 2016), The Soldier and the Changing State: Building Democratic Armies in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas (Princeton, 2012), and other books. Barany held visiting and research appointments at CSIS, the Hoover Institution, the universities of Oxford and Edinburgh in the UK, and the East-West Center in Honolulu. He was elected to a Life Membership in the Council on Foreign Relations in 2007.

Host
Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies

One of the key challenges stemming from climate change will be climate displacement, as sudden and gradual events disrupt livelihoods and force millions to leave their homes. Despite the existing scholarship’s focus on cross-border movement, the majority of climate displaced people will move internally instead of or before seeking refuge outside their nation’s borders. What obligations do states owe to their citizens when those states have historically not been emitters but have still failed to protect domestic populations from displacement related to environmental disasters and climate change impacts? Through exploring the disaster management framework in Colombia and conducting a case study of the town of Gramalote, this talk discusses the obligations that states like Colombia owe to their internally displaced populations in the context of climate change. Given the inexorability and foreseeability of climate displacement, this talk argues that states have an obligation to recognize climate displacement, plan ahead to protect their populations’ rights, and implement best practices under international human rights law throughout relocation and resettlement processes. Irrespective of the driver of displacement, displaced individuals should not be subject to a bifurcated regime of protection that treats displacement due to civil disruption, violence, or armed conflict distinctly from displacement in the context of climate change and environmental disasters.

About the Speaker
Camila Bustos is an Assistant Professor at the Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University. Before joining Haub Law, Professor Bustos was a Visiting Assistant Professor of Human Rights at Trinity College and a Clinical Supervisor in human rights practice at the University Network for Human Rights. She also served as a term law clerk to Justice Steven D. Ecker of the Connecticut Supreme Court and as a consultant with the International Refugee Assistance Project (IRAP).

Professor Bustos graduated from Yale Law School, where she received the Francis Wayland Prize and was a Switzer Foundation Fellow and a Paul & Daisy Soros Fellow. She worked at the Center for Climate Integrity, the Climate Litigation Network, and EarthRights International during law school. Professor Bustos also co-founded Law Students for Climate Accountability, a national law student-led movement pushing the legal industry to phase out fossil fuel representation and support a just, livable future. Prior to law school, she worked as a human rights researcher at the Center for the Study of Law, Justice, and Society (Dejusticia) in Colombia.

Professor Bustos’s research and scholarship focus on human rights law, environmental law, legal ethics, and climate change law.

Host
Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies

Co-sponsor
Migrations Program
Cornell Law School
Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability

Eighty years ago, almost to the day, the end of the Second World War still looked a long way off to the men caught in the meat grinder of Iwo Jima. But the inexorable movement toward the total defeat of the Axis states—graphically depicted in the mushroom cloud that would soon loom over Hiroshima—was already palpable to Americans poring over the images of the Allies’ bloody advance across the European plains and the vast Pacific Ocean.

Yet the symbolic weight of the nuclear holocaust had unintended consequences, appearing to solve one geopolitical problem—the sharpening conflict with the Soviet Union—while exacerbating another: the crisis of colonial rule spreading across the “revolutionary crescent” in the lands of the former Co-Prosperity Sphere. Strategists in Washington later worried that the war had, paradoxically, ended too soon, leaving Americans ill-prepared to take on the burdens of world leadership, the end toward which the entire war effort had been directed since 1940.

Ruth Lawlor, Cornell University, discusses the crisis of hegemony, which unfolded precisely when U.S. economic, political, and military power was at its height. From the shatter zones of Eastern Europe and the anticolonial rebellions sweeping Southeast Asia to the global strikes erupting in Latin America and West Africa and the civil wars raging in China, Greece, and elsewhere, the emergence of a new, U.S.-led global order was a protracted and violent process. As that order now unravels before our eyes, the time seems right to return to the moment of its creation and, in so doing, to look beyond the watershed of 1945.

About the Speaker
Ruth Lawlor is a historian of U.S. foreign relations focusing on diplomatic, military, and global history. She was previously a visiting fellow at Yale and Boston Universities and was a Junior Research Fellow at Queens’ College, University of Cambridge, where she also received her PhD.

Her book on sexual violence and the U.S. military justice system in World War II is forthcoming with Oxford University Press. With Andrew Buchanan (University of Vermont), she has also led an international effort to globalize the history of the Second World War, a project that has most recently included a radical reinterpretation of the Good Neighbor Policy and a dramatic revision of the history of the Mediterranean theatre as the proverbial “Lilliputian bathtub.” This work has culminated in the publication of a new edited volume, titled The Greater Second World War, which will be published with Cornell University Press next Spring. Today’s talk is drawn from the research for that book.

While her work on the Global Second World War is ongoing, Ruth is writing her second monograph on the geopolitics of the polar regions and especially the history of the U.S. military in Alaska. At Cornell, she teaches classes on the history of war in American and global history, U.S. imperialism, and (soon!) geopolitics and grand strategy.

Host
Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies​​​​​​​